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百姓視角看“核電”:說說核輻射-個人劑量報警儀_輻射檢測儀_射線報警儀_輻射報警儀_輻射測試儀_X射線輻射防護研究網(wǎng)_廣東_惠州

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行業(yè)新聞

百姓視角看“核電”:說說核輻射

2009/5/13 9:32:00

你相信嗎,我們喝的水和呼吸的空氣中也存在輻射,如果沒有輻射,生物將無法生存?

  這雖然讓人難以置信,但又讓人不得不信。比如說,太陽的發(fā)光發(fā)熱,也是一種核輻射,不過它是核聚變而不是核裂變(這也正是氫彈和原子彈的區(qū)別)。

  核輻射存在于所有物質(zhì)中

  “從原子核中釋放出的輻射稱之為核輻射,或稱之為放射性,存在于所有的物質(zhì)之中,這是億萬年來存在的客觀事實,是正常現(xiàn)象。” 三門核電有限公司副總經(jīng)理、總工程師繆亞民說。

  核輻射和核能是核反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的一對孿生兄弟。繆亞民坦率地說,三門核電站既然是核電站,也不可避免地存在核輻射。

  既然人類一直生活在核輻射環(huán)境中,為什么一提到核輻射,人們就覺得可怕呢?繆亞民說,一是人們對核輻射還缺少了解,二是因為過量的核輻射是有害的,它可能使人致病、致死。

  那么,核輻射到底是怎樣產(chǎn)生的呢?

  具備一些理化知識的人都知道,組成世界的元素有100多種,每種元素又有兩種或者多種同位素(原子核中質(zhì)子數(shù)相同但中子數(shù)不同)。

  據(jù)了解,在目前已知的2000多種同位素中,只有少數(shù)幾百種是穩(wěn)定的,其余絕大部分都是不穩(wěn)定的。

  不穩(wěn)定怎么辦呢?從不穩(wěn)定趨向穩(wěn)定,這是物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的一種規(guī)律。不穩(wěn)定的同位素自發(fā)地以輻射射線的形式釋放原子核內(nèi)多余的能量,從而衰變成另一種較為穩(wěn)定的同位素。

  繆亞民說,核電站通過以人工干預(yù)的方式,也就是利用中子撞擊原子核的方式,加快了發(fā)生的密度和強度。

  核輻射是完全可控的

  上面提到過,既然過量核輻射對生物是有害的。那么,三門核電是如何將核輻射鎖定在一定的范圍內(nèi)呢?

  這里還需先了解原子核所輻射的是什么東西。據(jù)核電專家介紹,核輻射主要是α、β、γ三種射線。α射線是氦核,β射線是電子,γ射線是一種波長很短的電磁波。

  前兩種射線由于穿透力小好對付,如α射線用一張紙就可擋住,β射線用一張薄鋁板就可擋住。γ射線由于穿透力很強,相對難對付一點,但是用較厚的混凝土加鋼板,是完全可以擋住的。

  繆亞民舉例說,三門核電站的第四道屏障——安全殼是這樣設(shè)計的,一層44毫米的厚鋼制安全殼加上外部的混凝土屏蔽廠房,在放射性控制方面,比一般的安全殼具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。

  核輻射像一把雙刃劍

  現(xiàn)在的家庭中電器很多,電磁波已成為日常生活中很常見的輻射,它對人體的影響主要由功率(與場強有關(guān))和頻率決定。很多市民都十分關(guān)注電磁波的輻射。比如,電視機待機狀態(tài)時還會產(chǎn)生電磁波輻射,所以越來越多的人會在看完電視后將電源切斷。

  “其實,核輻射和常規(guī)輻射性質(zhì)是一樣的,只是產(chǎn)生來源不一樣。” 繆亞民說。一位三門核電的職工告訴記者,在醫(yī)院里拍一次X片的人體所接受的輻射當量,相當于在核電站工作三年所接受的輻射當量。

  核輻射像一把雙刃劍,有時候要防,有時候也很有用。據(jù)介紹,當今,核輻射已廣泛用于工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)療等各方面,如特質(zhì)材料的輻照改性、無損探傷、在線測量(測厚、料位等)、輻照保鮮、輻射育種、輻照殺蟲、X光、CT檢查,以及考古的年齡測量和刑事偵察等。


 

(新聞來源: 臺州日報   作者: 陳小波 呂信淵 倪中勇 )
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